The SCVC Blog

Cardiovascular care news and articles from our expert team

Why everyone is talking about VAT

Posted on Sunday August 17, 2025 in VAT-TRAP

An article written by Dr Edward Leatham, Consultant Cardiologist

Tags: VAT, Diabetes, NH1, search website using Tags to find related stories.

While everyone might think the term ‘VAT’ stands for value added tax, we all need to recognise this new health term, as it is shaping up to be a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer and reduced longevity.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT)— is fat stored deep in the abdominal cavity around internal organs—is highly metabolically active and harmful when elevated. A CT-measured visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm² is considered indicative of visceral obesity in multiple ethnicities and is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk even when BMI is normal ^1,2 .

VAT accumulation contributes to:

Metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension ^2,4 .
Cardiovascular disease and increased mortality risk ^3,5 .
Certain cancers, such as colorectal, breast, and prostate ⁴ .
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic fat accumulation ⁶ .

Benefits of Reducing VAT > 100 cm² on CT

1. Improved Cardiometabolic Health

Modest weight loss (5–10 %) leads to preferential VAT reduction and significant improvements in insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers, reversing early type 2 diabetes and reducing inflammatory cytokines ¹ .

2. Decreased Inflammation and Vascular Stress

VAT reduction alleviates adipocytokine-mediated systemic inflammation and vascular strain—benefitting endothelial function and blood pressure control ^1,2

3. Lowered Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality

Central adiposity confers independent risk for cardiovascular events and mortality; VAT reduction correspondingly mitigates these risks of increased mortality risk ^3,5,6.

4. Enhanced Metabolic Resilience Irrespective of BMI

VAT is a stronger metabolic risk predictor than BMI or subcutaneous fat; even individuals with normal weight but elevated VAT have significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ^2,3,8.

5. Potential Preservation of Cognitive Health

Elevated visceral fat has been correlated with reduced brain volume and increased dementia risk; VAT reduction may therefore support long-term cognitive resilience ³ .

6. Proven Benefits in Predominantly Caucasian Populations

Aerobic Exercise Interventions

A meta-analysis of studies including overweight adults (many of whom were Caucasian) demonstrated that moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise, even without dietary changes, significantly reduced VAT by >30 cm² in women and >40 cm² in men over ~12 weeks, as assessed by CT imaging ¹⁴. This underscores the effectiveness of exercise in reducing harmful fat stores across genders in Caucasian cohorts.

Anthropometric Predictors of VAT

In a predominantly Caucasian cohort (94 % Caucasian) using DXA and anthropometry, waist-to-height ratio was the strongest predictor of VAT mass. While not an intervention study per se, it establishes reliable means to assess and monitor VAT in clinical practice across Caucasian populations [^13].

How These VAT Reductions Translate to Health Gains

Exercise alone: Aerobic training can significantly mobilise and reduce VAT—thus improving metabolic risk even without weight loss interventions [^14].
Diet and lifestyle: In randomised diet interventions (albeit in non-Caucasian populations), significant VAT reduction was associated with improved metabolic parameters; similar mechanisms are likely across ethnicities ^7,10.
Anthropometry for targeting: WHtR and other measures help identify individuals at risk and track VAT reduction progress in Caucasian populations¹³.

Summary

When VAT exceeds 100 cm² on CT, patients face elevated risks of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, NAFLD, inflammation, and cancer. Yet targeted strategies yield tangible benefits:

Enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved lipid profiles
Reduced systemic inflammation and better vascular health
Lower cardiovascular and mortality risk
Metabolic benefits even in normal-BMI individuals
Possible cognitive preservation
Confirmed effectiveness of exercise interventions in predominantly Caucasian populations, with significant VAT reductions demonstrated
Reliable anthropometric tools (like WHtR) for assessing and monitoring VAT in Caucasian patients

Implementing structured aerobic exercise programmes, in combination with nutritional and lifestyle interventions, can achieve substantial VAT reduction and improved long-term health outcomes across diverse populations.

References

Freedland ES. Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT). PMC. 2004.
Kim JH, Choi JH. Visceral adiposity and metabolic syndrome: clinical and mechanistic links. Front Nutr. 2022;9:871697.
Després JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301–13.
Larsson SC, Wolk A. Visceral adiposity and risk of cancer: a Mendelian randomisation study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1187735.
Liu J, et al. Impact of abdominal visceral adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5419–26.
Xu C, et al. Reduction in hepatic and visceral fat is associated with improved cardiometabolic risk profile. Sci Rep. 2024;14:12056.
Shetty S. Visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic risk. Cardiology in Review.
Swainson MG, et al. Prediction of whole-body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue mass from anthropometric variables in Caucasians. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5):e0177175.
Vissers D, et al. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):e56415.
Visceral Adiposity Is Causally Related to Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Care 2005;28(9):2322–2325

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