The SCVC Blog

Cardiovascular care news and articles from our expert team

Can we use AI to predict cardiovascular death?

Posted on Monday January 15, 2024 in Health Screening

Written by Dr Edward Leatham, Consultant Cardiologist

In more than half of those affected with coronary artery disease (CAD) the first sign of the disease is an unprovoked heart attack or sudden death. Cardiologists have therefore been using cardiac CT for many years to identify patients at risk by assessing the extent, distribution, degree of vessel narrowing and calcification of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaque. Recently, formal long term follow up studies have confirmed the value of the cardiac CT angiogram (CCTA ) over and above standard risk calculators such as Q Risk.

However, groundbreaking research from Oxford University reveals that it has recently also become possible to detect and quantify ‘coronary inflammation’ – considered to be a key driver of coronary heart disease, that can be found long before plaque and CAC show up on a standard CCTA. Since coronary inflammation is invisible to the human eye on conventional CT images, it requires artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to analyse the CT grey scale data to quantify inflammation which can then be presented in a simple metric known as the fat attenuation index (FAI). Computer modelling can than be used to predict risk of fatal heart attack. The late breaking news [1, 2] from AHA which hit the UK press in Nov 2023 clearly demonstrated that among thousands of patients undergoing CCTA, the majority of fatal and non-fatal cardiac events could have been better predicted using FAI, and occurred predominantly in those who did not have obstructive CAD at the time of imaging. Specifically, there were twice as many heart attacks and cardiac deaths in the group without obstructive CAD versus those with obstructive CAD.

Since early intervention is crucial in preventing heart disease, identifying individuals with high FAI (active coronary inflammation) earlier in the natural history of their coronary heart disease, allows us to target more effective prevention measures to those at highest risk.

At SCVC the consultation rooms and data stores are set up beside our own inhouse cardiac CT scanner so that results and AI data processing can be reviewed during the consultation.

Not everyone with risk factors for CHD has raised CaRi heart scores – the additional information gained from assessing FAI allows a tailored approach to prevention measures.

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Metabolic Health Assessment

Is is increasingly obvious that not everyone with raised coronary inflammation and elevated risk of heart attack simply has a raised LDL Cholesterol- in fact there appears to be a mixed bag of risk factors associated with high coronary artery inflammation, including raised LDL, raised LP (a), raised Homocysteine, hypertension and dysregulated glucose. Our metabolic health assessment is therefore designed to offer a comprehensive dive into known contributory causes, the latest and most controversial of which is 'glucose dysregulation', the principle topic of this article.

Imagine if you could predict a heart attack

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How and why Cardiologists use different types of CT to diagnose coronary heart disease

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Left Atrial Paralysis following a period in AFib.

There are two main reasons left atrial thrombus forms then detaches to cause embolic stroke. The first is that during atrial fibrillation or flutter, a thrombus may develop in the left atrial appendage, which does not move as much as it does when in sinus rhythm. The likelihood of this occurring in any given year is low, correlated to the CHA2DS2-VASc score. The second reason is not related to CHA2DS2-VASc score

What techniques are out there to reduce glucose spikes?

This blog explores how individuals can conduct their own experiments to maintain a steady blood glucose and avoid potentially unhealthy glucose spikes above 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL).

Starting betablockers?

For a cardiologist, beta blockers are a commonly used medication, possibly because we live in a high stress world and patients come to us with symptoms that are often improved by moderating the biological effects of our own adrenaline on the systems it was designed to protect.